One-Party State: Texas vs. Oklahoma Essay

Texas: For over a 100 years Texas was a one-party state of Democrats (Munisteri). Republicans did not have a chance until Abraham Lincoln who was against slavery and defended the Union during the Civil War. During this time before Republicans took over Texas was free-willed and won majority of seats in the race and had all seats in Legislature. One of the best ways to describe this era was best stated by Author Steven, â€Å"developed a free spirit, a pride in self-reliance and a work ethic that is still unmatched today â€Å"Early Texans lived, loved and died entirely by their own efforts without relying on government to fulfill their needs. Just like modern Texans, early settlers believed in families, churches and neighbors, not in bureaucracy† (Munisteri). Oklahoma: Just like the Texans, Oklahoma was always a one-party state of Democrats. It was secured in the Democratic Party and Republican did not have a chance. Even in 1964 Republicans won their first election, the Demo crats still held 81% of seats (Gaddie). In the 1990’s Republican took over and still run the show. Which party dominated Texas politics (for most of Texas’s history after the 1876 Constitution), and what are the historical origins behind this dominance? Texas: Democrats dominated Texas politics from 1863 to 1980. Still Democrats remained powerful, they gradually drowned. The Cause of this power was Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction and from 1902 through 1965, Texas had basically stopped most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through the poll tax and white primaries by not allowing them to register to vote. Oklahoma: Oklahoma was dominated by Democrats almost their entire existence. From 1907 up until the 1990’s the Democratic Party ran Oklahoma as a state. The reason for this is stated in the article written by Gaddie, â€Å"For decades the bedrock of Democratic Party strength has been the southeastern part of the state, â€Å"Little Dixie.† This region imported not just people, but also local culture, place names, architecture, and political tradition directly from a variety of southern states, especially Mississippi† (Gaddie). In addition the most prominent people to support the Democrat Part come from Little Dixie as well. What were some of the ramifications of one-party  rule? After researching and reading articles on Texas and Oklahoma one-party states, I came to the conclusion that the consequences would be harsh, or were harsh. It would make these states communist. Meaning government control all even the way citizens live and operate. They became robotic. What caused the rise of a two-party system in Texas? The division of ideas led to the creation of the two-party system. The main issue between the two parties was how they believed the Constitution should be read and interpreted. When George Washington was president he assigned to people to his cabinet. Hamilton and Jefferson both which seen differences in the constitution. One believe that so of the constitution was good the other believe that some of it was inappropriate. This cause a rift and a split into a two-party system (AP U.S. History Notes). Why do some people (including your professor) believe that Texas is once again a one-party state? Texas: For many and many that sit down and speak on Texas and its politics see that Republicans run everything to see how everything that the President promotes they reject and are successful. The cost of living, the assistance giving to the needy diminishing and the way the rich and wealthy are catered to make me and others feel t is a one-sided situation and bring us to Texas being a one-pa rty state. Texas and Oklahoma both have 2% Democrats and 98% Republicans, it is very plain to see that both are a one-party state (538 Politics). Cite: Aboukhadijeh, Feross. â€Å"Development of the Two-party System – AP U.S. History Topic Outlines – Study Notes.† Development of the Two-party System – AP U.S. History Topic Outlines – Study Notes. StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, Inc., 17 Nov. 2012. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Gaddie, Ronald. â€Å"DEMOCRATIC PARTY.† DEMOCRATIC PARTY. Oklahoma Historical Society. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Munisteri, Steve. â€Å"Overview and History – Republican Party of Texas.† Republican Party of Texas RSS. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Silver, Nate. â€Å"FiveThirtyEight Senate Forecast: GOP Is Slight Favorite in Race for Senate Control.† FiveThirtyEight. 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. .

Community College Essay

After graduating high school a lot of people do not know what their next step in life will be. Some struggle between deciding to go straight into the workforce, joining the military, or continuing their education by going to college. The average person chooses college as their next step. A common issue about going to college is whether to go to a two-year college/community college or straight into a four-year university. I think community college is the smarter and better choice. People fail to realize that going to community college helps you save thousands of dollars. Not only that, but students with undecided majors better find their way while saving money at community colleges. They are very flexible and can provide students with a better transition from high school while benefiting from their smaller class sizes and campuses. As we all know, community college is cheaper to attend than a four-year university. Four-year universities cost thousands of dollars while attending a community college would cost less than half of that. For instance, the average cost of attendance at Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA) is roughly 5,000 dollars per year for a freshman, compared to the cost of attendance at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) which is about 25,000 dollars a year for freshmen. The cost of attending VCU is fives times as much as attending NOVA where in retrospect the same material is being covered. To break it down, tuition and fees at VCU amount to about 12,000 dollars. One credit costs about 300 dollars while at NOVA a credit costs 150 dollars. Room and board would be 9,000 dollars at VCU, while going to NOVA in most cases you would not have to pay to live at home if you are a freshman. Books would still be around the same price because books in college are expensive regardless. Other expenses would vary depending on what a student would need. Looking back on it the cost of going to a community college saves you a tremendous amount of money and would be worth it in the long run. Growing up people would talk about community college as if it were basically the thirteenth grade. In a sense would not that benefit a student more? Classes at four-year universities can sometimes be overwhelming, having hundreds of students in one lecture class. With classes getting hard from the transition of high school to college, would not a student want smaller class sizes? It only seems reasonable. By having smaller class sizes a student would naturally be able to learn better than in a class full of 300 people. Lecture classes can be long, tiring, and filled with millions of questions. In bigger classes some communication issues might occur and information might not always get to a student depending on their seating. Also the professors might not always get to a question that a student may have which can get very frustrating. Having smaller class sizes, everything is right there in front of a student. The professor is there for easier access to questions, class discussions would be more beneficial and easier to get involved with, and a person would get to know their classmates more. Smaller class sizes would help students gain a better learning experience. Many people go into college undecided on what they want their major to be. Studies prove that 50% of students who declared their majors change them after their first year according to Dr. Firtz Grupe of mymajors. com. Some students even change their majors up to three times throughout college. Going to community college can help a student find out their major while saving money. When a student changes majors there are always some complications. Some classes that were needed for their previous major have nothing to do with the current major that they just switched to. The money that was paid for those credits is, for the most part, wasted. That can be very taxing on a student’s financial income. If these problems occurred to a student who was attending a four-year college they would have wasted thousands of dollars compared to if a student changed majors at a community college. Even though money is lost in both cases, the amount of money lost at a community college is far more manageable than losing thousands of dollars at a four-year college. Think about it this way, would you rather lose 100 dollars or 10,000? Community college is a great way for students with undecided majors to discover what they want to do while not losing as much money and time. Classes at community colleges are very flexible and can help students manage their classes around other things. People who attend community colleges sometimes seek jobs while in school. One thing that could be very frustrating for a student would be having class at a time that conflicts with a work schedule. That could be a problem if a student at a four-year university had a job because not as much night classes are offered at four-year colleges. Community colleges have better options in that case. A student working a regular 9-5 schedule would find problems trying to go to school after work. At community college classes could easily be taken after work with more night classes being offered at a community college. Students can go to work then school or vice versa, go to school in the morning then work some time after without any hardships. Having flexible classes are always a benefit because they provide more options and having options are always a good thing. Community colleges provide an easier transition from the laid back high school environment to the stressful college life. As Liz Addison says, it helps students begin. High school classes are easier compared to classes in college. Grading wise and tests, quizzes, etc. Community college can help ease a student into the college atmosphere. That classes are not that much easier than that of a community college but not as hard either. It is a step up from high school in terms of difficulty and helps to better transition students into the university world. Less stress is involved and things are more manageable. Some people argue many things about community colleges. The main thing often associated with community college is commuting . People say that commuting to community college cost so much money in regards to gas. Community colleges are in your community and most of the times have ways to get you to and from school. They are called community colleges for a reason. All the money that a student would save from not going to a four-year college would cover the cost of gas easily. Also most community colleges have operating bus systems and car pooling is always an option. Another thing people try to argue about going to a community college is that a person will not gain a true college experience. Some people go through life and do not experience many things like never being on a plane, not having a dog, or even never going to a football game. That experience is not something that a student would need to have to become successful in life. The rewards of getting to where you want to be in life are far greater than not getting a full college experience. In the long run you will make up for the experiences you have missed by gaining better ones. Going to a two-year college first before transferring to a four-year university pays off in the long run. People either do not know the benefits or are two proud to attend a community college. Money is saved, the learning experience is better, the transition from high school is easier and community colleges help undeclared majors find their majors. Seems like the smart way to go.

Abraham Lincoln’s Views on the System of Enslavement and His Connection to the Civil War in the U.S

Abraham Lincoln’s Views on the System of Enslavement and His Connection to the Civil War in the U.S Lincoln’s Beliefs and the Civil War The election of Lincoln was the main cause of the Civil War because Lincolns platform of not letting slavery expand westward threatened the South’s political rights. However, some might argue that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause of the Civil War because it disregarded the Missouri Compromise and fueled the abolitionist movement. When Lincoln ran for president in 1860, he ran as the representative for the Republican party, which meant he believed in what the Republican party platform stood for. Although Lincoln never once said that he would abolish slavery, the South saw their tenth amendment as being jeopardized simply because he believed slavery was morally wrong. The final straw that contributed to the war was the secession of several Southern states, each state stated clearly in their declaration of secession that their primary reason for leaving was the president’s open denunciation of slavery. The tensions between the North and South had been rising for a while, mainly surrounding the conflicting views on slavery and whether or not it should be able to expand westward. All the tension finally came to a point when Lincoln was up for election and being openly against slavery. The South feared that he would abolish slavery and take away their slaves, which would be detrimental to the Southern economy. Upon the election, the Southern states began to secede, one by one from the Union and used Lincoln as their reason. As Lincoln ran as a Republican in the 1860 election, he carried the Republican party platform with him that openly denounced Democratic principles, which created worry among the Southern states. In article ten of the platform, the Republican party points out the Democratic ideas of non-intervention and popular sovereignty in relation to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. . They go on to to call the bill a â€Å"demonstration of the deception and fraud involved therein† (Republican party platform 1860). The Democrats and Southerners saw this as the Republicans calling bluff on their threats to secede from the Union, giving them even more reason to leave. Once Lincoln was elected, the South became scared that not only would he try to change the Kansas-Nebraska act but abolish slavery as well. The platform goes on to openly condemn slavery in the U.S. territories explaining that â€Å" the new dogma that the Constitution, of its own force, carries slavery into any or all of the territori es of the United States, is a dangerous political heresy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and calling it â€Å"subversive of the peace and harmony of the country† (Republican party platform 1860). The Republicans considered slavery to be harmful to the country’s peace, as if they were acknowledging the potential for war. Essentially, they wanted to show that they are refusing to accept the Kansas-Nebraska act. The Southern states considered their tenth amendment to be at risk because the thought Lincoln would try to abolish slavery. Slavery was, to some extent, considered to be protected under the tenth amendment of the U.S. Constitution, stating that â€Å"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people† (U.S. Constitution). The State’s rights clause was a way for some states to preserve laws that the federal government could potentially deem unconstitutional. A large majority of the North believed Slavery was something the federal government should rule on because it was becoming such a large issue. However, the Southern states used the tenth amendment to argue that the individual states should decide for themselves whether or not slavery should be allowed within their borders as it would affect each state differently. For example, the Southern economy depended h eavily on plantations and slaves, but the Northern, factory-based economy would suffer less impact if slavery were to be abolished. Although Lincoln repeatedly insisted he would not abolish slavery, the South considered the fact that he did not want it to spread Westward as a precursor to abolition. Charles Sumner, an abolitionist from Massachusetts, strongly believed that the Civil War was brought on by this controversy over State’s Rights and Slavery. â€Å"Therefore, there are two apparent rudiments to this war. One is Slavery and the other is State Rights. But the latter is only a cover for the former. If slavery were out of the way there would be no trouble from State Rights† (The Barbarism of Slavery). Although Sumner was an abolitionist, the dispute over how much power the tenth amendment gave the states and if slavery was included in that power. The Southern states did not get defensive when it came to their rights until Lincoln and the Republican party threate ned them from their point of view with the platform of not allowing slavery to expand Westward. Some might argue that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause of the Civil War because it disregarded the Missouri Compromise and fueled the abolitionist movement. The final ruling on the Scott v Sanford case was essentially that slaves were considered to be property of their owners regardless of where in the U.S. they were. Many Southerners argued that their use of slaves was protected by the fifth amendment, which states that men will not â€Å" be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation† (U.S. Constitution). This amendment also averted any possible laws that the federal government could put in place to take away slaves from their owners. However, the decision didn’t abide by the rules of the Missouri Compromise because Dred Scott had been taken to territory where slavery was prohibited according to the compromise (Brinkley 356). The Supreme Court justice justi fied their ruling by declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional as they believe that the power that Congress had was limited to the extent that it could not get new territory and set up a government system within that territory. This decision made people in the U.S. uneasy because Chief Justice Roger Taney believed that the federal government had no power in this situation and had no right to act on this decision (Brinkley 359). While the ruling showed the bias of the Supreme Court, it also fueled the abolitionist movement. The movement rested on the simple truth that all men are created equal and that includes slaves as well. The South frequently feared that the slaves would revolt and overpower the slaveholders, something some abolitionists attempted to kick start, like John Brown. These events, started by the Dred Scott Decision, could arguably be the main cause of the war because the decision brought together Northern abolitionists and led them to begin to fight harder f or what they believed in. While the Dred Scott Decision may have been one of the causes of the Civil War, it was not the main cause because in the secession declarations of several Southern states, they ultimately blamed Lincoln. Several of the secession declarations of the Southern states had the same reason for seceding from the Union, which was Lincoln. Specifically, in South Carolina’s declaration, they said â€Å"all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery† (South Carolina Declaration of Secession). This statement is directly blaming the election of Lincoln for South Carolina’s secession from the Union. They continue to explain that the mere fact that Lincoln believes slavery is morally wrong will eventually lead to the â€Å"extinction† of slavery. Another common Lincoln-related reason for seceding from the Union was because common association be tween the North and abolitionism. â€Å"For twenty years past the abolitionists and their allies in the Northern States have been engaged in constant efforts to subvert our institutions and to excite insurrection and servile war among us† (Georgia Declaration of Secession). The South believes the coming war and tension surrounding slavery had been building for twenty years. They consider the North to be trying to undermine the South’s institution of slavery by trying to create laws that limit the power of Southern states. Considering the newly elected president Lincoln was blatantly against slavery was enough for the Southern states to secede from the Union. In essence, when Lincoln was elected in 1860, his platform upset the Southerners because he did not want slavery to expand westward, making Lincoln’s election the main cause of the war. However, it is arguable that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause because it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and led to a rallying point for the abolitionist movement. The Republican party platform of 1860 added to the tensions, that had existed for years before, surrounding slavery and the platform supported views of not allowing slavery to expand that the South did not agree with. In their point of view, their tenth amendment was at risk because Lincoln was opposed to slavery, even though he never acted on this opposition. While the Dred Scott Decision was a potential main cause of the war because it greatly affected the abolitionist movement, the secession statements from the Southern states directly blamed Lincoln for their secession. Collectively, Lincoln’s b eliefs on slavery and his opposition to it expanding Westward was the main cause of the Civil War.

Security findemental (contract security guard service selection Essay - 2

Security findemental (contract security guard service selection exercise) - Essay Example arm to another person, making threatening remarks, damaging the property of other employees or employer with intent, possessing a weapon while conducting company business or within business premises. Others include hostile or aggressive behavior that creates reasonable fear of injury to other people or subject them to emotional distress, and committing acts related to, or motivated by, domestic violence or sexual harassment (Kim 169). The most vulnerable employees to the risk factors are those working in the public setting, including those working late at night or in the early morning hours, in small groups, in uncontrolled access environments open to other employees and the public, and other areas of previous concern that include the community and workplace settings (Hess 262). Any potentially dangerous situation should be reported to the human resource department or security supervisor at once. Reporting may be anonymously, with all reported incidents subject to thorough investigations. Incidents or reports that warrant confidentiality will receive the required appropriateness and information disseminated to others on a need-to-know basis only. There will be counseling on all parties involved as well as discussion of the findings of the investigation. The company shall actively intervene at the slightest indication of a possibly violent or hostile indication (IFPO 287). The most viable solution is worksite analysis, with mangers and supervisors being familiar with the temporary and permanent worksites of employees to enable sound decision-making options. The worksite analysis should enable the supervisors, managers, employees, and law enforcement to gather information concerning the potential risks or the possibility of the community’s experience in a particular criminal rash. Managers and supervisors should seek to identify employee environment that poses risks and threats, and address them specifically as risk factors. The working environment is uniquely

The Significance of Motives and the Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Essay

The Significance of Motives and the Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Work - Essay Example This study outlines that Kant defines the right motive as doing the right thing, doing one’s duty and respecting the moral law in the process. In other words, to be rational is to constantly have the right motive/good will. Most important to morality, according to Kant, is thus a good will that makes people to automatically do their duty. Kant’s philosophy on morality was based on what he referred to as the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† (CI), which bases morality on a standard of rationality. â€Å"Formulations of the CI bring together the perspectives of one who seeks to act on principles that all others could share and one who seeks to act on principles that that respect all others’ capacities to act.†. In other words, to violate the CI is tantamount to immorality. In fact, other philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes agreed with Kant on this perception of morality, especially his basing of morality on the CI standards of rationality. F rom this paper it is clear that the fundamental of morality as contained in the CI is the law of an autonomous will and a self-governing reasoning in which people are viewed as possessing equal worth and as deserving equal respect. A rather useful work of Kant’s on morality is â€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†. It covered morality-related issues like the aims and methods of moral philosophy, good will, moral worth and duty and duty and respect for moral law, among others. In later writings such as â€Å"The Critique of Practical Reason†, â€Å"The Metaphysics of Morals†, â€Å"Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View† and â€Å"Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason† he would later refine, develop, modify and enrich some of his views in this piece of work. Deductions from Kant’s Ideas There are two core and interesting conclusions that may be deduced from Kant’s ideas about morality and good will. Fir st, under no circumstances should people consider their morality as something they could just lose or forfeit in exchange for personal desires. In fact, â€Å"desirable traits such as courage, perseverance and cleverness may lose their values and get diminished or sacrificed in certain circumstances† .

Effectiveness and Extent of the Convergence between Public and Private Research Paper

Effectiveness and Extent of the Convergence between Public and Private Security over the Next Decade - Research Paper Example es helping private firms and individuals to identify crime and other insecurity problems and report them to the government officials for law enforcement. Private security officers offer private risk management consultancies, implement security approaches to protect private property against theft and fire, and also investigate frauds in private companies. There are various private security companies which carry out those security functions mentioned above. The public and private securities have recently been seen to converge as they help each other to combat insecurity issues in the society. The success of community security can be achieved through partnership building between the private and public security. Convergence of private and public security enhances identification of opportunities for collaboration in the security sector in order to encourage innovation in problem-solving and decision making; hence making it easier for security personnel to deal with security issues and meet the needs of the society in terms of security. Collaboration between private and public security opens doors for effective problem-solving through technology and innovation. This convergence between the public and private security also enhances advanced community policing and achievement of mutual goals in the private and public sector. Therefore, the convergence between the public and private security is expected to expand and become effective over the next decade due to its benefits to the society. The convergence between private and public and private security is a contemporary issue in security studies which has become common in many countries worldwide. The convergence between private and public security refers to the collaboration and partnership building between the public and private security personnel. It involves bringing together the activities of private and public security personnel in order to encourage innovation and technological advancement in the security sector.

Economic policy in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic policy in the USA - Essay Example United States applied Keynesian approach that supports fiscal policy as the best measure to boost socio-economic growth. Fiscal policy is important in managing economy within the projections of the government (Cohen 67). United States has over time used fiscal policy at national level as the best way to enhance expansionary economic policy. For instance, increased taxation has given the country revenue to fund various sectors and more importantly initiate economic stimulus programme. Such programmes help in creating more jobs which constitute expansionary measures hence boosting the overall national income per capita. The changing socio-economic and political structure of the contemporary society has initiated free-market economy. In this regard, United States uses monetary policy through its reserve bank to regulate inflation and hence boosts its global competitiveness in trade. The theoretical tenet behind monetary policy is the free interaction of forces of demand and supply (Cohe n 120). It is also the basis of capitalism which has seen United States remain consistent in terms of global economic performance ranking. The monetary policy has also been critical to the United States considering the use of its currency as the standard of measure. This means consideration of its foreign policy on trade which depends on the strength of its currency in global market. Fiscal policy remains in force within United States towards welfare of the citizens and particularly towards provision of education and healthcare.

Strategic Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic Human Resources - Essay Example It also identifies the role, models along with the methods in which businesses can utilize their human resource teams to effectively achieve their goals. A) Findings And Analysis 1.0 The Key Drivers From The External Business Environment That Re-Shape Organizations And The Way Employees Are Managed There are several drivers from the external environments of businesses that influence changes to the way a business performs its activities and manages its employees. The first external driver to the way a business performs its activities is technology (Pace and Wayne, 2001). The development of technology has led to the inexpensive preparation and distribution of information. The current technology in use across many businesses is low cost, has high speed digital transmission and is utilized in producing vital information in a quick and easy manner. The utilization of this technology in businesses eliminates the temporal limitations, which include the restrictions on time, spaces and costs (Michael, 2007). Another key driver from the external environment that has greatly impacted on the reshaping of organizations and the management of employees is the concept of globalization (Harold, 2003). The concept implies that a business makes use of faster transportation systems, has fast access to information from distant markets. This is because the world market has become common with little barriers to trade. An organization’s customers can purchase any of their products from multiple outlets located in various areas around the world (Katherine, 2002). This implies that the organization will have to relocate its employees as well as recruit other members to their new branches so as to be effective in their endeavors. The concept of globalization will assist an organization to know how their competitors are fairing and enable them to remain competitive in the markets. An organization can also take advantage of the concept by attaining customer feedbacks on their produ cts and instantly work out corrective measures to correct the situation (Harold, 2003). Another major external driver that influences the way organizations reshape and manage their workers is the notion of power concentration on a few market shareholders (Katherine, 2002). These big investors normally hold majority of the stocks in other companies and influence the ways in which businesses are run in their respective markets (Pace and Wayne, 2001). When these organizations are displeased in the existing policies, they could in turn make the market fall into jeopardy (Katherine, 2002). The economic factors that affect an organization refer to the policies that governments use in their capital markets, their nature of reason bequest, and their business cycles along with their socio-fiscal infrastructures. For organizations to become successful and manage their employees effectively, they must scrutinize their market environments for any unforeseen changes (Erica, 2006). This type of s crutiny will greatly help the business or organization in maximizing their profitability while minimizing the costs they incur in the process. The wage rates in different countries differ and this implies that organizations will have to adopt suitable policies to handle the issues with their employees (Katherine, 2002). These policies should enable the organization to retain their labor force while remaining profitable in their activities. The social environment within a country

Customer Strategy Development Project Research Paper

Customer Strategy Development Project - Research Paper Example According to FedEx Company Management, International Corporations are the most profitable customer groups. The group consists of international companies who purchase products from different countries to the destination industries. FedEx provides excellent transportation services for such products. Most international corporation customers are modern companies between ages less than 30 years old. Moreover, the international corporations have an extremely high-income level ranging from &50 billion Per Annum. The purchasing habit of this group is recommendable because they make massive purchases for their raw materials that require efficient transportation to the designated areas (FedEx Corporation, 2013). E-Commerce Companies forms the next group of companies served by FedEx. FedEx Company offers various services to E-Commerce companies such as mail delivery, goods transportation both locally and internationally. E-Commerce companies are of any age, and the income levels range between $ 20 billion to $30 billion per Annum. FedEx Company customer profile also caters to individual customers. Most people prefer sending emails, parcels, and other vital information via courier companies. FedEx offers services to individual adult customers over 18 years of age. In addition, individual customers can be of any sex and the income levels have less significant provided the person meets the charge requirements. The most targeted customers under the international corporations' segment include Computer and technology industries like Apple, Google, Max, and Sony. On the other hand, FedEx targets most E-Commerce companies and the rapidly growing small businesses all over the world because they offer excellent business to the company. FedEx has entered into the collaboration with OfficeMax to place its self-service drop boxes in all OfficeMax stores across the nation.

Oil Paintings Essay Example for Free

Oil Paintings Essay The oil painting technique traces its roots all the way back to a time between the fifth and ninth century when it was first used in Western Afghanistan, yet it was made famous and the premier means of expression by the Renaissance movement in the 15th century by men like Leonardo Da Vinci and Raphael (Davide 46). The reason the oil painting technique gained this newfound popularity was due in large part to its ability to convey things such as human flesh more accurately while also giving the painter weeks in drying time to work. However, in order for us to properly understand the oil painting technique, we must first understand its composition and ability to create. The paint itself is created using two elements: pigments and oil. The pigments are dry colorants, such as mineral salts and other earth types, ground-up into a fine powder and separated by color. But since the pigments could not adhere to the painting alone, oil was used as a binder to do just that. Typically, linseed oil was used because it can polymerize, and therefore is a drying oil (Mayer, Ralph, and Sheehan 123). However, other oils such as walnut oil, sunflower oil, and tung oil are also used, especially if the artist would want to alter the drying times of the paint or lessen faint colors. A good example of an artist who even used different oils in the same painting was Leonardo Da Vinci, who â€Å"†¦ used a combination of oils while painting Adoration of the Maji, which some speculate was for the benefit of the artist to takeover this unfinished work† (www. henryfordgroup. org). Additionally, there are other elements to the composition of the oil painting that help altar the paint. In order to make alterations and correct elements, artists like to paint multiple layers; this also gives them the luxury of stripping off the paint already applied to the gesso (white glue that covers the medium on which the painting will be applied) without ruining the portions, which they would like to remain permanent. However, for the artist to do this, they need to apply thin layers of paint initially (‘under painting’), meaning they must mix the oil with a solvent such as white spirits or turpentine to dilute the oil. This is especially good for the artist using the â€Å"fat over lean† ethod, where each layer of paint contains more oil than the previous layer. Additional additives would also include varnishes that are usually made from damar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine, thus sealing the work and giving the painting a greater glossiness (Davide 47). The advantages of oil paintings include durability and versatility; oil paintings completed using proper drying time and properly created are very durable. Oil itself is non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning it will repel water, a key element in the deterioration of many pieces of art. Furthermore, oil actually dries through oxidization, in which â€Å"†¦non-polar covalent bonds are governed by the ionic forces between functional groups and the metal ions present in the pigment† (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). The consequential result is a stable film that’s bit of elasticity helps prevent any bleeding or flow from gravitational pull. In terms of versatility, varnishes allow for one to work on and complete independent elements over a vast time frame, while also the stripping of the varnish allow for the proper cleaning of paintings after many years of display. Moreover, the fine pigments ground into the oil allow for greater optical effect and translucency, which makes things such as human skin appear far more life-like. And with the use of a smooth surface greater lightness is reflected in the oil painting, which the varnish will help accentuate color and depth (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). This is due to the multiple refractions the varnish helps create, thus creating more perspective in the painting itself. There aren’t many disadvantages when it comes to oil painting, yet there are issues with drying time, aging, and blending. Drying time is an advantage to quite a few artists, yet those who like to use a sequence of washes in quick succession often find the oil painting technique difficult (Davide 48). Also, most curators would tell you that it takes from 60-80 years for an oil painting to finish drying. Aging concerns also are a major disadvantage, especially when artists use linseed oil, which tends to yellow or darken with age. However, this aging can be stifled if the artist has the proper tools. Finally, blending can also be a key concern because the oil tends to blur together causing the painting to become muddy and taking away from istinctive properties. The oil painting technique is typically applied to a canvas that is composed of a linen or cotton cloth and wooden â€Å"stretcher. † The canvas can then be coated with animal glue and primed with a mixture of white paint and chalk. This medium has been very popular since the 16th century; however, other mediums for oil paintings such as panels, linoleum, paper, and slate were also used (Davide 48). The canvas, though, was highly regarded for its lightweight, cheaper, and not prone to warping like a panel. In conclusion, the oil painting technique is still a very popular method used by artists today. However, many artists don’t make their own paint, rather they buy tubes from specialty stores, but still many of them stress the importance of knowing the components of the paint in which they are using. And as a result, those artists are able to showcase their works to the best of their abilities, because their understanding of the materials allows them to make adjustments and highlight key elements, thus putting their knowledge on par with the great painter’s of the Renaissance.

The New Hydraulic System Engineering Essay

The New Hydraulic System Engineering Essay The major aim of the project is to investigate about the new hydraulic system of a380 and the reasons for increasing the hydraulic pressure from 3,000 psi to 5, 000 psi. The project is also intended at discussing and investigating about the new electro- hydrostatic actuators which uses this high hydraulic pressure. This report emphasiss on how this hydraulic system with 5,000 psi works and how it is better than previous hydraulic system. Saving Weight is the major reason for using 5000 psi hydraulic system in a380. By using higher pressure and smaller volume of fluid though the pipe of smaller radius, saves tonne of weight throughout the aircraft. Earlier used in military aircraft, this 5000 psi hydraulic system helps to reduce overall weight of the aircraft by reducing size of pipelines and other components. Fig.1 Kevlar hydraulic hoses, used for carrying high hydraulic pressure in A380. (eaton, 2006) Architecture of a380 hydraulic system differs extremely from other aircrafts, it uses pipeline specifically made of titanium and eight de- clutchable hydraulic pumps being used to achieve this high pressure of 350 bars. Also hydraulic power packs serve as backup for primary systems, instead of secondary hydraulic system which reduces maintenance and save weight. The very obvious reason that come to mind for using an enormous 5000 pounds per square inch seems to be the fact that there is need of massive power needed to fly the giant A380. But there is a lot more to it. The technical reason for that is the weight saving that the designers envisaged. In conjunction to the principles of physics, the pipelines of the hydraulic system have been designed to a smaller diameter as opposed to those used in other wide bodied aircraft, like B 777 in close enough range of A 380. As we know Force = A * P Where A is the cross section area and P is the pressure exerted by the hydraulic fluid Smaller diameter of pipelines enables greater hydraulic pressure to be exerted. Thus apart from giving enough power to drive the controls, it also provides the adequacy for lightweight components though they needed to be stronger. So this reduces overall weight of the aircraft. The way A380s hydraulic system is designed is completely different from those of others. The fact that its piping system is specifically made of titanium. Eight hydraulic pumps that are clutch able add to the extraordinary feature of this beautiful machine. Also, power packs that are driven hydraulically provide back up for the main hydraulic system. His eliminates the need for a secondary system that is normally implemented for redundancy. Here we see an intelligent application of a really appreciable weight reducing technique. This not only saves weight of the aircraft, but also takes a leap across in the world of engineering, in aircraft manufacturing and provides a base for producing aircrafts with such excellent duplicity in designing power store for possibly bigger aircrafts. Assuming the A 380 was made with the conventional 3000 psi, it is logical to say that the overall size of the now a380 would have been much bigger. As the experts say, an A380 with a working pressure of 3000 psi would have a nominal diameter of more than 3 inches as opposed to nearly 2 inches which is the actual. The reason as discussed before is the bigger size of the hydraulic components and the pipelines. This in turn would have demanded bigger housings and heavier mountings for a robust structure. Moreover the fittings that join these components would obviously be proportionally bigger and thus adding to weight of the aircraft. All this idea of weight saving methods has been targeted to the profits that the air carriers would yield in the long run. It translates to having bigger payload capacity that generates more revenue for the business involved. The hydraulic pump is located on the engine gearbox that runs on the mechanical power provided by the engine and turns it into hydraulic power. This hydraulic force of the fluid is exerted to the flight control surfaces like the rudders, ailerons, flaps, elevators. Transformation of the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy is felicitated by electro hydraulic actuators, which is another key feature in the making of A 380. These electro hydraulic actuators are driven through electrical power available from the aircraft generator or the TRUs (transformer rectifier units). They have got electro hydraulic static valves. Figures reveal the advantageous design better. As we know from the mathematical relation, Power = C * P Where C is the volumetric flow rate and P is the pressure exerted. A constant power output would imply change in either of the quantities, i.e. force or pressure. Therefore an increase in pressure would lead to reduction in the rate of flow of the fluid, which is about 40% in A380s case. Consequently, the flow rate in the 5000 psi system is about 42 gallons per minute which in a hypothetical 3000 psi system would have been 70 gallons per minute. So clearly we see a remarkable difference in the amount of fluid flowing per unit time in this instance. But considering the size of A380, this would not have been feasible like it is in case of other aircraft, or even for that matter the jumbo jet B747. Airbus successfully achieved an appreciable 20% reduction in the weight by switching to more pressure and lower flow rate that very well suited to a system that involve figures about masses and quantities, precisely 2500 pounds of weight. But, the only drawback for using this 5000 psi is that the components are not available easily. Invention of hydraulic power generation system Apart from the aviation industry, there are not many  industries  that put emphasis on ways of weight reduction. In an industry of commercial aviation,where  the sole source of profits are the flying machines. To make that happen effectively efficiently and economically, there is constant research and development going on throughout the world to develop new technologies and devise new methods of advancement in the field. Every ounce of weight of the mass of the aircraft  would  imply an extra amount of fuel to be consumed. Thus in an effort to reduce the weight and amplify the power to mass em and ultimately increase profits, Airbus endeavoured to save weight of A380.   A hydraulic system with an operating pressure of nearly 5000 psi is not the latest trend though. Since 1970s, military  aircraft  of sophisticated kind have been using such a mean pressure, but with the advent of the giant beauty, it is the first time that such high a pressure has  been  used in passenger aircraft, against the  conventional  3000 psi hydraulic systems, obviously with the exception of Concorde which featured a 4000 psi system. Components that are used in such military air machines need to be light weight as well as strong enough to handle such fluid  conditions. Similar requirements were demanded by the  design  of A380.   When the bright idea of building the worlds largest commercial carrier  was still on paper, Airbus did know that weight and volume of the structural parts and components involved would be the most critical factor in practical. Engineers and designers pondered upon the expertise that would go into it and discussed the latest hydraulic system technologies. These co-ordinated efforts led to a plateau phase that lasted four months, in which the criteria and the specifications of the components and materials involved were developed. The outcome was that the trade of fuel distribution  system  and the hydraulic power generation system was ultimately given to Eaton Corporation.   A380 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM As compared to other airbus hydraulic system, this A380 got only two hydraulic systems i.e. green and yellow, replacing the third hydraulic system by electro- hydraulic system which comprises of EHA and EBHA. fig.2 block diagram (eaton, 2006) A380 HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC POWER SOURCES fig.3 hydraulic sources (tron, 2007) electro hydrostatic actuators fig.4 electro hydrostatic actuators (tron, 2007) EHAs are electrically operated actuators, which replaces the third hydraulic system in an aircraft, thus it simplifies the aircraft architecture and makes it more reliable. It has an advantage of storing the pressure internally, when there is no movement in the motor, thus it reduces the power usage. WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SYSTEM   It is the first time in the civil aviation history that flight actuators are incorporated that are powered solely by electricity that give back up to the  hydraulic  powered flight control actuators. When required they augment the primary  actuator. They contain their own hydraulic  and electrical supplies.   For aileron and elevator  movement  EHAs or Electro- hydrostatic actuators are used. For rudder and spoilers movement they are used as EBHAs Electrical back up hydrostatic actuators.   As the pressure has increase from 210 bar (3000 psi) to 350 bar (5000 psi), this has led to thinner pipelines being used. The conventional metal to metal fittings have been replaced by isomeric sealing which bind the metal chemically. Tests have proved that such high pressure would not degrade any chemical or physical property of the fluid, with an added advantage of saving about a metric ton! Hydraulic system of A3809 consists of eight Vickers PV-300-31 hydraulic pumps that are engine driven and are of variable displacement type that have a displacement that deliver at a  rate of 42 gallons per minute at 3775 revolutions per minute. Their displacement is  47 ml per revolution There are two unique features that set this kind of pump apart from traditional type of hydraulic pumps. Firstly, the disengagement clutch that is not found on any of the other commercial or military aircraft. For instance, if any of the eight pumps is not working, it can be de clutched or separated from the system. Then the pump cannot be engaged, with the exception on ground that too by manual means. The second important characteristic of this kind of pump is pressure pulsation. Generally, there are pressure fluctuations n a pump, typically about 10%.] I.e. The value of the pressures generated can vary to about 10% above and below of the nominated value. Even in recent models, this pulsation is about 5%. But Airbus wanted the value to be as low as 1%. These results were immaculate. It led to a system which had variations to a maximum of 4900 psi and 5100 psi on both sides. Low noise levels were an added advantage.   Another important Development with the upcoming of A380 is that they have incorporated four 150 kVa electrical generators which can be frequency controlled. Thus eliminating the use of constant speed drives (CSDs) and better reliability.  Embedded in the same electrical system are the new aluminium power cables that have replaced copper. Thus saving on weight for an aircraft that requires numerous cables running in it for such complex systems.  This power system of the A380 is fully digital and computerised. So the contractors and the breakers have been replaced by solid state devices for better performance. Extending discussion about the electrical power system of A380, it would be logical to mention the illumination system. The lighting is provided by the LEDs which have replaced conventional bulbs. These multi spectral LEDs are capable of producing day like effects anytime and producing shades of variable candela and contrast.   Fig5 components operating the hydraulic system (eaton, 2006) GROUND SERVICE PANEL: According to the fig.2, ground service panel is located at the foremost part of the aircraft in the hydraulic bay and is used for monitoring and maintaining the hydraulic system. Basically it consists of pressure and level gauges, to keep a check over the fluid levels and air pressurization. Fig.6 ground service panel (eaton, 2006) ENGINE DRIVEN PUMP: The main source of supplying 5000 psi is EDP, there are total eight Vickers branded engine driven pumps being installed on the airbus a380 and each being powered by the gear box, supplying the rate of flow of 160 l/min (42 gpm) at 3775 rpm.These pumps are based on clutch mechanism which enables them to disconnect from the engine gear box as required on flight or on ground. Fig.7 engine driven pump (EDP) (eaton, 2006) FIRE SHUT OFF VALVE: Four fire shut off valves being fitted in A380, in order to shut the hydraulic lines in case of major incidents or engine failure. The unit consist of an electrical motor, which has been designed specially for low electrical consumption, saving notable weight of the aircraft cables. Fig.8 fire shut off valve (eaton, 2006) SLAT DRIVE SYSTEM: This system consists of a hydraulic motor, sensors and brake release mechanism, where motor is bi- directional with variable displacement in nature and sensors are based on closed loop motor control mechanism. it is the first commercial aircraft, which uses this variable displacement motors to operate the secondary flight controls. Fig.9 hydraulic motor (eaton, 2006) HIGH PRESSURE MAINTENANCE FREE ACCUMULATOR: These accumulators are mostly used for maintaining the brake system of the jumbo jet during parking mode and also used as backup for emergency braking. They are charged with helium and can only operate with high pressure hydraulic fluid i.e. 5000 psi. Fig.10 high pressure accumulator (eaton, 2006) HYDRAULIC SLIDING UNIONS: These sliding unions are used for distribution of hydraulic power to different sections of aircraft such as rudder, elevators, landing gear etc. They are used for supporting pipe length during contraction and expansion, due to thermal changes and significant wing deflection. As shown in fig.2, they are located at rear spar area of the wings. Fig.11 hydraulic sliding unions (eaton, 2006) Highlights of new hydraulic system C:Usersswatinw sngsPictures380 10.jpg Fig.12 highlights of new system (bugatti) Electro hydrostatic actuators (EHAs)   These are for back up flight controls and are driven by mini pumps which are smaller that conventional pumps  but capable of delivering fluid at 5000 psi. Massive size of a380, brings out a new approach to its flight control system, moving these large surfaces hydraulically being proposed but later replaced by the new hydraulic plus electric architecture known as electro hydrostatic actuators. http://www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hmp0033n.jpg fig.13 mini pumps (bugatti) Hydraulic filtration and distribution   Its components are made of titanium so it can bear high pressures, being stronger and lighter in weight at the same time. Steering system To impart great manoeuvrability to the aircraft, Messier Buggati developed variable architectures to enhance the same. for example,   the nose wheel was managed by a software  Ã‚  IMA ( Integrated Modular Avionics) and a backup circuit of the type LEHGS (local electric hydraulic generation system) to support the main circuit for the nose wheel. The two rear wheels on each of the two central bogies are controlled by RDC (remote data concentrators) along with IMA. http://www.messier-bugatti.com/IMG/jpg/hs0013nblocorient_ra_a380-230-2.jpg fig.14 A380 steering system (bugatti) An application of the same is WABSIC  that  stands for  wheel and braking system integrated components  , it has two functions.one is to ensure the rotational speed of the tyre, other is to monitor the tire pressure through wireless data transmission. Moreover a brake cooling fan is part of this integrated unit. The same manufacturer Messier Buggati is responsible for the brake temperature monitoring system and oleo pressure monitoring system on the A380   Braking control system This is controlled by two main circuits fed by two hydraulic circuits, both operating at 5000 psi and monitored by the IMA software. The alternate system which uses de centralised  hydraulic system is also a full brake by wire system which is controlled by an analogue computer and has an emergency baking control unit (EBCU). landing gear hydraulic system As everyone knows that the world biggest airliner a380, has gained much of media headlines for building the jumbo jet with the hydraulic pressure of 5000 psi and they uses this pressure for operating their landing gear systems, which was a big challenge to work on. Maximum take-off weight of a380 is 560 tonnes, out of which 20 tonnes is only of gear itself. Landing gear retraction and extension system is the major element, which manages the landing gear of a380 having total of 22 wheels with 5000 psi. LGERS also introduces the new electromechanical uplocks, which are used for locking and the unlocking undercarriage bay doors and landing gears. These up locks can be used in normal mode as well as in emergency mode, but because of its weight they being replaced by the electromechanical actuators which are far more Compaq and cheaper as it eliminates the use of cable riggings which saves weight and cost as well. There are total 12 up locks being installed on a380, which are easy to maintain as it removes the need of bleed hydraulic system.